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In the 1970s, the telecommunications industry began implementing packet-switched network data services using the X.25 protocol transported over much of the end-to-end equipment as was already in use in the PSTN. Erlang established the mathematical foundations of methods required to determine the capacity requirements and configuration of equipment and the number of personnel required to deliver a specific level of service. The growth of the PSTN was enabled by teletraffic engineering techniques to deliver quality of service (QoS) in the network. Later, more sophisticated address signaling, including multi-frequency signaling methods, enabled direct-dialed long-distance calls by subscribers, culminating in the Signalling System 7 (SS7) network that controlled calls between most exchanges by the end of the 20th century.

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Networks were designed in a hierarchical manner until they spanned cities and states, and international distances.Īutomation introduced pulse dialing between the telephone and the exchange so that each subscriber could directly dial another subscriber connected to the same exchange, but long-distance calling across multiple exchanges required manual switching by operators. For communication outside this exchange area, trunks were installed between exchanges.

Each telephone was wired to a telephone exchange established for a town or area. Later telephone systems took advantage of the exchange principle already employed in telegraph networks. Bells were soon added to stations for signaling.Ī simplified example of an early circuit-switched telephone network. Alerting another user of the desire to establish a telephone call was accomplished by whistling loudly into the transmitter until the other party heard the alert. Users who wanted to communicate with persons at multiple locations had as many telephones as necessary for the purpose. History Ĭommercialization of the telephone began shortly after its invention, with instruments operated in pairs for private use between two locations. The combination of the interconnected networks and a global telephone numbering plan allows telephones around the world to connect with each other. The E.163 and E.164 standards provide a single global address space in the form of telephone numbers. These standards have their origins in the development of local telephone networks, primarily in the Bell System in the United States and in the networks of European ITU members. The technical operation of the PSTN adheres to the standards internationally promulgated by the ITU-T. Originally a network of fixed-line analog telephone systems, the PSTN is almost entirely digital in its core network and includes mobile and wireless networks, The network consists of telephone lines, fiber optic cables, microwave transmission links, cellular networks, communications satellites, and undersea telephone cables interconnected by switching centers, such as central offices, network tandems, and international gateways, which allow telephone users to communicate with each other. It provides infrastructure and services for public telecommunication. The public switched telephone network ( PSTN) is the aggregate of the world's telephone networks that are operated by national, regional, or local telephony operators.

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